Difference between revisions of "Sehali language"

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(→‎Open Class)
(→‎Indicative Paradigm)
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|wadm'''a''' (lived)
 
|wadm'''a''' (lived)
 
|'''wadam''' (live)
 
|'''wadam''' (live)
−
|w'''á'''dam (will live)
+
|w'''a'''dám (will live)
 
|-
 
|-
 
!2 (nominal)
 
!2 (nominal)
Line 480: Line 480:
 
|'''mä'''wadma (gave birth)
 
|'''mä'''wadma (gave birth)
 
|mäwdam (give birth)
 
|mäwdam (give birth)
−
|ma̗wádam (will give birth)
+
|ma̗wadám (will give birth)
 
|-
 
|-
 
!4 (dative)
 
!4 (dative)
 
|'''ži̗'''wadma (gave rise to)
 
|'''ži̗'''wadma (gave rise to)
 
|ži̗wdam (give rise to)
 
|ži̗wdam (give rise to)
−
|ži̗wádam (will give rise to)
+
|ži̗wadám (will give rise to)
 
|-
 
|-
 
!5 (reflexive)
 
!5 (reflexive)
 
|'''äd'''wadma (remembered)
 
|'''äd'''wadma (remembered)
 
|ädwadam (remember)
 
|ädwadam (remember)
−
|ädwádam (will remember)
+
|ädwadám (will remember)
 
|-
 
|-
 
!6 (reciprocal)
 
!6 (reciprocal)
 
|'''um'''wadm'''u''' (''non-existent'')
 
|'''um'''wadm'''u''' (''non-existent'')
 
|umwadmu (''non-existent'')
 
|umwadmu (''non-existent'')
−
|umwádam'''i''' (''non-existent'')
+
|umwadám'''i''' (''non-existent'')
 
|-
 
|-
 
!7 (cessative)
 
!7 (cessative)
 
|'''ax'''wadmä'''l''' (died)
 
|'''ax'''wadmä'''l''' (died)
 
|axwadamli̤''' (die)
 
|axwadamli̤''' (die)
−
|axwádamli̤ (will die)
+
|axwadámli̤ (will die)
 
|-
 
|-
 
!8 (terminative)
 
!8 (terminative)
 
|'''ux'''wadma'''s''' (killed)
 
|'''ux'''wadma'''s''' (killed)
 
|axwadamsi (kill)
 
|axwadamsi (kill)
−
|axwádamsi (will kill)
+
|axwadámsi (will kill)
 
|}
 
|}
  

Revision as of 20:30, 26 May 2015

Sehali (Sehali: Sä̗hāli) [sjaħalγi] is a language spoken by reptilian people of the same name. Nomadic, the Sehali are known variously as raiders, traders, and slavers, although make their home mostly in the Miuxleb Plains, controlling major tradeways between the Copper Mountains and the Great East Plateau. Their articulators differ to some extent from humans, but not so greatly that their languages are unintelligible or unlearnable to one another.

Phonology

Sehali phonology revolves heavily around the alternation between palatalized, velarized, and pharyngealized consonants. These secondary articulations assimilate progressively throughout an utterance. The default articulation is presumed to be velar.

Consonants

Grapheme Palatalized Velarized Pharyngealized
B /bj/ /bγ/ /bʕ/
D /dj/ /dγ/ /dʕ/
DZ /dzj/ /dzγ/ /dzʕ/
DŽ /dʑ/
F /ɸj/ /ɸγ/ /ɸʕ/
G /gj/ /g/
Ġ /ɣj/ /ɣ/
G̱ /ʡ/
H /h/
H̱ /ħ/
J /ʕ/
K /kj/ /k/
L /lj/ /lγ/ /ɫ/
M /mj/ /mγ/ /mʕ/
N /ɲ/ /n/ /ŋ/
P /pj/ /pγ/ /pʕ/
Q /qj/ /q/ /qʕ/
R /rj/ /rγ/ /rʕ/
S /sj/ /sγ/ /sʕ/
Š /ɕ/
T /tj/ /tγ/ /tʕ/
TS /tsj/ /tsγ/ /tsʕ/
TŠ /tɕ/
W /βj/ /βγ/ /βʕ/
X /xj/ /x/
X̣ /χj/ /χ/ /χʕ/
Y /j/
Z /zj/ /zγ/ /zʕ/
Ž /ʑ/


Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Epiglottal Glottal
Plosive Voiceless Palatalized pj tj kj qj ʔ
Velarized pγ tγ k q
Pharyngealized pʕ tʕ qʕ
Voiced Palatalized bj dj gj
Velarized bγ dγ g
Pharyngealized bʕ dʕ ʡ
Fricative Voiceless Palatalized ɸj sj ɕ xj χj h
Velarized ɸγ sγ x χ
Pharyngealized ɸʕ sʕ χʕ ħ
Voiced Palatalized βj zj ʑ ɣj
Velarized βγ zγ ɣ
Pharyngealized βʕ zʕ ʕ
Affricate Voiceless Palatalized tsj tɕ
Velarized tsγ
Pharyngealized tsʕ
Voiced Palatalized dzj dʑ
Velarized dzγ
Pharyngealized dzʕ
Nasal Palatalized mj ɲ
Velarized mγ n
Pharyngealized mʕ ŋ
Trill Palatalized rj
Velarized rγ
Pharyngealized rʕ
Approximant Palatalized lj j
Velarized lγ
Pharyngealized ɫ

Vowels

Monophthongs

Front Back
High i u
Low a

Sehali marks secondary articulation of consonants upon vowels. When Latinized, a diacritic above the vowel indicates that all consonants following that vowel are pronounced with the indicated secondary articulation. A diacritic below the vowel indicates that all consonants following and including the vowel preceding that vowel are pronounced with the indicated secondary articulation.

  • Palatalization: ́a , ̗a
  • Velarization: ̄a , ̠a
  • Pharyngealization: ̈a , ̤a

Phonotactics

(C)V(C)

It is important to note that some consonants (DŽ, G̱, H̲, J, Š, TŠ, Y, Ž) can only be in certain environments (palatal, velar, pharyngeal). These remain phonemic and progressively assimilate their secondary articulation.

Grammar

Primarily VSO.

Number

  • Duel suffix: ̤at
  • Plural suffix: ̗iss

Case

  • Genitive case prefix: äl

Definiteness and Deixis

Preposed particles:

  • Indefinite: in
  • Definite: la
  • Proximal: di̤s
  • Mesioproximal: di̗š
  • Mesiodistal: da̤r
  • Distal: dar

Verbs

Verbs are defined by roots. They are inflected by tense (past, present, future) and mood (indicative, subjunctive, imperative), and have many derivations.

  • Passive voice preposition: wi
  • Adjectival suffix: zi

Indicative Paradigm

Past Present Future
1 (base) wadma (lived) wadam (live) wadám (will live)
2 (nominal) wadmiġ (life)
3 (causative) mäwadma (gave birth) mäwdam (give birth) ma̗wadám (will give birth)
4 (dative) ži̗wadma (gave rise to) ži̗wdam (give rise to) ži̗wadám (will give rise to)
5 (reflexive) ädwadma (remembered) ädwadam (remember) ädwadám (will remember)
6 (reciprocal) umwadmu (non-existent) umwadmu (non-existent) umwadámi (non-existent)
7 (cessative) axwadmäl (died) axwadamli̤ (die) axwadámli̤ (will die)
8 (terminative) uxwadmas (killed) axwadamsi (kill) axwadámsi (will kill)

Subjunctive Paradigm

Past Present Future
1 (base) änufla (burned) anufal (burn) aníflir (will burn)
3 (causative) ädzunifla (ignited) adzunufal (ignite) adzuníflir (will ignite)
4 (dative) ážinifla (set fire to) ážinufal (set fire to) ážiniflir (will set fire to)
5 (reflexive) g̱a'a'nifla (tortured) g̱a'a'nūfal (torture) g̱a'a'níflir (will torture)
6 (reciprocal) uwäniflaẖ (declared war) uwanufalaẖ (declare war) uwanífliryaẖ (will declare war)
7 (cessative) ax̣äniflal (burnt out) ax̣anufálli (burn out) ax̣anífliri (will burn out)
8 (terminative) ax̣anüflas (extinguish) ax̣anüfals (extinguish) ax̣anífulsi (will extinguish)

Imperative Paradigm

1 (base) šā̗päna (sail!)
3 (causative) di̗šāpäna (set sails!)
4 (dative) ážišāpäna (ship it!)
5 (reflexive) yá'šāpän (return!)
6 (reciprocal) ra̗šāpna̤ẖ (fly colours!)
7 (cessative) äg̱ášāpna̤la (full stop!)
8 (terminative) äg̱ášūpna̤s (sink it!)

Lexicon

Pronouns

1s āna
1p nä̠ẖnu
2s ānta
2p āntṳm
3s.an ẖṳwa
3d.an ẖṳmma
3p.an ẖṳm
3s.in sawa
3d.in samma
3p.in sam

Numbers

Base-8.

1 alā̗
2 ba
3 ta
4 ẖa
5 xa
6 ra
7 za
8 lā̗m

8s suffix: 'i

Prepositions

abaft istär
abeam ismíd
aboard ün
about rūn
above túp
across usídža
afore isbül
after ārfit
against g̱a̤stir
along síd
amid sāndit
aport īlif
around rud
astarboard īriẖ
atop buwa
before ẖīn
behind fur
below lāġ
beside asdi
between yīnum
beyond pasit
despite buwin
down dūn
except bud
following ifta
for wir
from fun
in i
including wïg̱in
inside īnút
into ín
like sum
near na̠ra
next ifa
of u
off fur
on pu
onto til
opposite mīrul
out ut
outside udpül
over iwar
past bíyun
since dān
than mil
through du̗ral
to a
toward a'i
under ūnal
underneath ūnalpül
unlike usum
until tis
up ap
upon appu
via wid
with mad
without umad

Open Class

English Root-Form Sehali
bountiful xlb-3 mū̗xlab
brave (adj) ytr yi̗tri̠
burn (n) nfl-1 nufal
come (v) sjx-1 šï̗ju
live wdm-1 wadam
place (n) bu
oasis (n) w'l wu'la
sail (n) špn-2 ša̗pna̤ġ
sail (v) špn-1 ša̗pan
thank you (int) gln-6 uġalnu
Uwasiq (n) wsq uwasiq
victory (n) ksk kasak
what (n) xm xam

Keyboard Layout

http://geckat.conlang.org/conlang/fonts/sehali.zip

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