Difference between revisions of "Fyelli"

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Revision as of 02:09, 31 May 2015

Fyelli (/ˈfiel.li/) is the language originally spoken by the race of the same name. It has a history of sporadic contact with human languages and writing systems, resulting in several loanwords and possible phonological and morphosyntactic changes. It is notable for the conservative dialect's lack of labial consonants and vowels, owing to the physiology of its original speakers, large vowel system including a number of falling diphthongs, and complex articles in an otherwise grammatically isolating system.

Phonology

Consonants

Labio-Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Plosive t ‹t› c ‹c› k ‹k› q ‹q› ʔ ‹'›
Nasal ɱ ‹m› n ‹n› ɳ ‹rn› ŋ ‹ng›
Fricative f1 ‹f› s ‹s› ʂ ‹sh› χ2 ‹kh› h ‹h›
Rhotic r ‹r›3
Lateral l ‹l›3
Approximant ʋ ‹w› j ‹y›
  1. /f/ is often treated more as a plosive, not appearing near nasals and never geminated. By some speakers, especially in a formal context, it may be pronounced as a labiodental plosive rather than a fricative.
  2. /χ/ is realized as palatal [ç] immediately after /i/ and /ɪ/ (including diphthongs).
  3. /r/ and /l/ are realized as uvular [ʀ] and [ʟ] immediately after back vowels and dorsal consonants.

Plosives are aspirated in a simple onset.

Vowels

Monophthongs

Front Back
Closed ɪ ‹i› ˑ i ‹y›* ʊ̜ ‹u› ˑ ɯ1 ‹w›*
Mid ε ‹e› ʌ2 ‹o›
Open a ‹a› ˑ æ ‹æ›*
  1. /ʊ̜/ word-finally is usually devoiced or unpronounced following a plosive.
  2. /ʌ/ may be realized as [ə] in unstressed positions.
  • Marked graphemes represent a stressed syllable where they first appear in a word. If a word only contains unmarked vowels (and no diphthongs), the first vowel may take some stress. Stress may be replaced by a higher or lower tone, or quantity by different speakers and registers.

Mid vowels do not tend to be in stressed positions except in diphthongs or debatably in word-initial positions within words without a syllable that would otherwise take stress, where retracted tongue root is less common. Their quality (particularly RTR) varies between speakers and utterances, so /ε/ may be realized as [e] and /ʌ/ may be realized as [ɤ].

Diphthongs

Front-Front Front-Back Back-Front Back-Back
Closed-Mid ie ‹ye› iɤ (iə) ‹yo› ɯe ‹we› ɯɤ (ɯə) ‹wo›
Mid-Open ea ‹ea› ɤa ‹oa›
Open-Closed æɪ (ei) ‹ei› aʊ ‹au›

All diphthongs are falling: the initial vowel sound is stronger, with the second as an off-glide.

Phonotactics

The glottal stop can only between vowels or between a nucleus and syllable boundary. The uvular fricative cannot appear in a cluster with /t/.  /f/ cannot appear in a cluster with any plosive.  Null onsets and codas are both possible.

Onset

An onset may contain at most one plosive, one fricative, and one liquid, with the obstruents in any order and the liquid closest to the nucleus. Fricatives (except /f/) and liquids have phonemic length. Nasals also have phonemic length but can only exist either as a simple onset or else following a single fricative with no other consonants present in the onset.

Nucleus

Vowels are not affected by their environments, and the wide variety of monophthongs and diphthongs may appear regardless of the surrounding consonants or other nuclei. Vowels without retracted tongue root can only occur in stressed syllables.

Coda

A coda may contain at most one plosive, one fricative, and one liquid, with the obstruents in any order and the liquid closest to the nucleus. In coda position, there is no phonemic length. As in onsets, nasals can only exist in simple codas or else immediately between the nucleus and a fricative with no other consonants in the cluster.

Grammar

Morphology

Open-class Fyelli words are almost entirely uninflected, with the exception of a single verb morpheme for the passive voice. Its articles, however, are inflected for possession or definitiveness and case, likely a remnant of a more synthetic historical form of the language.

There are seven cases: nominative/accusative (merged), instrumental, ablative, locative, dative, illative, and genitive.

There does exist a single prefix on verbs denoting passive voice: u- (or w- if the stem begins with a vowel).

Derivation

Derivation is relatively common in Fyelli, though words can also be of multiple classes without the need for derivation (ie hyongon "human" can be a noun or an adjective).

Original Class
Inflected Class Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
Noun yor, (o)fi, li likh
Verb

ti, si, it*

yeng
Adjective sa safi (o)kli
  • Archaic

Syntax

Fyelli is a VSO language. Beyond this reversal, it is prespecifying.

The following depicts the typical word order of the language.

Verb Subject Object
(Aux) (Adv+) (PAS)Verb (VOC) (PL) (Adj+) Noun Determiner (PL) (Adj+) Noun Determiner

Complementary noun phrases, indirect objects, etc. may come anywhere after the subject phrase, separately from the object phrase. The negative auxiliary ikh and intensifiers are relatively free, but generally come first in an adjective or adverb phrase (with the intensifier usually preceding the negative). Within noun phrases, word order is freer than implied here, and adjectives, numbers, and plurality markers may be moved to follow the noun. The determiner is, however, always phrase-final.

Adjectives must complement a noun (ie cannot be the object of a verb "to be"). An equivalent noun, such as one formed by a derivation -sa is generally used instead.

Lexicon

Adjective/Adverb Auxiliaries

Gloss Fyelli
Negative ikh
Intensifier wyo, ykhrarn
Comparative mear
Superlative meash

Noun Auxiliaries

Gloss Fyelli
Plural mang
Vocative sæ'ei

Verb Auxiliaries

Gloss Fyelli
Past har
Past perfect hærta
Present (progressive) om
Future/Desiderative shkil
Imperative sæ’ei

Numbers

Fyelli traditionally uses an octal (base-8) counting system. Number words, in a sentence, replace the plural particle mang.

Arabic Cardinal Ordinal
1 yol yols
2 yean yeantra
3 sham shæmit
4 sau sawit
5 wo woyit
6 cus cwssit
7 heil heillit
8 min mins
9 yole yoles
10 yle yles
11 shæcyorn shæcyornit
12 saucyorn saucyornit
13 woci wocit
14 cwci cwcit
15 heici heicit
16 yeannin yeannins
17 yeannin yol yeannins yols
24 sheanin sheanins
32 saumin saumins
40 womin womins
48 cwssin cwssins
56 heillin heillins
64 ywefu ywefus
72 ywefu min ywefus mins
73 ywefu yole ywefus yoles
512 mengyrri mengyrris
593 mengyrri ywefu yeannin yol mengyrris ywefus yeannins yols
4096 cyomengri cymengris

Pronouns

The pronouns listed here are for nominative and accusative cases only. Other cases are homonymous with their inflected possessive (see Determiners).

Gloss Fyelli
1s ni, yol (formal)
1p wye
21 two
2s shol
2p yoal
3s.an kho
3p.an ngyo
3s.in is
3p.in ein

Determiners

NOM INS ABL LOC DAT ILL GEN
DEF ti shi li fi ki qi wei
INDF ætu ash al æfu æku æqu yu
1s nyti nyshi nylli nyfi nyki nyqi nywei
1p wyeti wyeshi wyeli wyefi wyeki wyeqi wyewe
21 woti woshi wolli wofi woki woqi wowe
2s shoalti shoalshi shoalli shoa'fi shoalki shoalqi shoalwei
2p yoalti yoalshi yoalli yoa'fi yoalki yoalqi yoalwei
3s tykhol shykhol lykhol fykhol kykhol qykhol yokhol
3p tyngo shyngo lyngo fyngo kyngo qyngo weingo
  • The accusative case merged with the nominative case around the same time the language changed to a VSO word order.
  • Word-final monophthong /ɪ/ is often devoiced in polysyllabic determiners in casual speech.
  • For the amount of information included in the article, they are more obligatory in Fyelli than in English, even on proper nouns, although may be omitted in casual speech.
  • Determiners inflected for possessive person are homonymous with the grammatical person itself inflected for the appropriate case. It can therefore be considered that Fyelli inflects pronouns for case, apart from the nominative/accusative which are accounted for by words apart from this system.
  • The particle a is sometimes used in place of the determiner in a noun phrase headed by a pronoun, especially in the subject position of transitive sentences and in formal speech.

Open Class

English Fyelli
Adhesive, Mortar alsikyt
After yekht
Alive reassol
All, Entire, Whole æssen
And kik
Angry waurkor
Another, Other yeantra
Arrow willyt
Axe cear
Battle klwkwis
Be an (an), yen (in)
Beautiful læyon
Because lykhol
Being, Creature weiton
Bind mmor
Bitumen fytumen
Blood kyno
Blue aurt
Bone kol
Book fwok
Breathe reassu
Brick mort
Brother fylfor
Burn (v) yorwosh
Call, Name (v) shean
Child khing
City fyel
Clean, Clear myen
Come qung
Confuse rnwe'khe
Consequence yekhtaskem
Day sfum
Death tu
Declaration, Song qlau'si
Destroy, Dismantle krærnit
Die twa
Diplomat ikhyemyorrol
Discover, Find wkhi
Do, Build, Make yor
Down feat
Drink sqi
Ear hoang
East wrne
Eat woki
Enemy ngalyn
English yngklish
Eye fifs
Face (n) hit
Fall haul
Father we’far
Fear (n) hycsi
Fear (v) hic
Female qean
Finish (v) tuk
Fire rwosh
Flat hyerne
Flatland hyernekhoakh
Foot wok
Friend forn
Fur, Skin hæqa
Go, Walk kul
God tywis
Good, Skilled rrel
Goodbye wiseas
Great, Honoured, Honorable wel
Grow roar
Hand, Paw tei
Have, Possess aq
Head hwowud
Hear, Listen to hil
Heart ngæmmo
Hello hei
Here (at) koci
Here (from) kofi
Here (to) kolli
Horn carn
How e'ci
Human hyongon
Hunt (v) heillen
Just, Only farra
Kill (v) cyeq
King cyorik
Land (n) khoak
Language myerrnalli
Large kællwer
Laugh (v) qæcaf
Lick, Kiss (v) mlyok
Love (v) eashka
Ink engk
Know ahwe
Male fil
Meat wokik
Mother wemmar
Mountain feil
Mountain Range fyel
Mouth (n) famæ
Move (trans) ehoa
Neck, Throat qaqwt
New myo
No ngakh
None ikhmang
Nose (n) toqæ
Now cye'ci
Occur auskem
Ocean skreash
Old kænla
Or er
Paper feifor
Peace ikhyem
Pen fan
Penis yeaswams
Person khyelli
Place (n) ko
Possible teshta
Race, Species ssyof
Rain (n) hykhop
Rape (v) yoarnyef
Red kin
Rest, Sit lein
Say au
Scatter ciqeil
See tyot
Settle alwowit
Sex (v) yeaf
Sibling ofwr
Similar llikh
Sing, Shout qlaut
Sister qeanfor
Skirmish (v) shyeks
Sky hykha
Sleep sony
Small tim
Smash (together) kshækorn
Smell (noun) ost
Smell (verb) shyen
Smile (n) myek
Speak myerrna
So (conj) sso
Start, Try (n) frwo
Stone (n) rroak
Stupid twemkof
Suckle sqir
Tail swaums
Teach cyehearn
Teacher cyehearnol
Teat næmmo
Time (n) cyet
That (complement) som
There khwfi
Thing sau
Think aqkhwe
Thought khwe
Tongue llern
Tooth isfyts
Toy styol
Tower (n) mwntor
Tree hykhin
Voice (n) qwamai
Wall (n) flworren
War (n) færryorn
Water (n) fop
Weapon khymfos
West mmes
What sauci
When cye’fi
Where (at) wkoci
Where (from) wkofi
Where (to) wkolli
Who wkhyeci
Word nauk
World hoak
Write fæ'liti
Writing fæ’li
Year oarn
Yes yef

Expletives

krarn

Examples

"They will speak Fyelli in the human city."
Shkil myerrna ngyo Fyelli ti hyongon fyel fi.

"When I am king you will be first against the wall with your opinion which is of no consequence at all."
Om cye'fi an ni cyorek ti, sso shkil on shol kik mang khwe shoalti, som ykhrarn ikh yen yekhtaskem yu, yols ti flworren qi.
(When I am the king, so will be you and your thoughts [which are really not of consequence] the first into the wall.)

"I want to smash your heads together."
Shkil kshækorn ni mang hwowod yoalti.

Poetry

Songs in Fyelli are traditionally based on stress patterns (typically trochaic) and alliteration of stressed syllables within or between lines.

Qlau'si Flworren Li (Song From The Wall)

Qlaut qwamai ti qllau’si sauci?
Yen mang khyelli wowe waurkor!
Roar is rroak mang flworren wofi!
Lain mang feil fi fyel ti sauci?
Haul mang hykha aurt li sauci?
Mang willyt ætu flworren wel li!
Ikh ahwe two hic ætu tu yu!
Hil kho mang famæ kin woli!
Sæ’ei mmor kho! Sæ’ei yoarnyef!
Tuk two cye’fi, som shkil tuk two:
Twemkof wokik-tywis qyngo.

What song does this voice sing?
Our people are furious!
It grows in our stone walls!
In what mountains does the city lie?
What falls from the clear skies?
Arrows from those heroic walls!
We know not a fear of death!
They hear from our red mouths!
Bind them! Pillage!
We finish, as when we finish:
By their foolish flesh-god.

The Tower of Babel (Genesis 11: 1-9)

  1. Now the whole earth had one language and the same words.
    Har cye'ci yen yol myerrnalli ki mang llikh nauk ætu æssen hoak fi.
    (Now there was one language and alike words in the whole world.)
  2. And as people migrated from the east, they found a plain in the land of Shinar and settled there.
    Har cye'fi kul wrne li mang khyelli ætu, har wkhi ngyo hyernekhoakh ætu Shynar wei khoakh fi. Har alwowit ngyo khwfi.
    (When people went from the east, found they a flatland in the land of Shinar. Settled they there.)
  3. And they said to one another, "Come, let us make bricks, and burn them thoroughly." And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar.
    Har au ngyo a ngyo: "Sæ'ei! Shkil yor kik æssenkli yorwosh two a mang mort ætu." Kik har aq yoal mort ætu rroak æku, kik fytumen ætu alsikyt æku.
    (They said to themselves: "Lo! We shall make and wholly burn bricks." And they had brick for stone, and bitumen for mortar.)
  4. Then they said, "Come, let us build ourselves a city and a tower with its top in the heavens, and let us make a name for ourselves, lest we be dispersed over the face of the whole earth."
    Har cye'ci au ngyo: "Sæ'ei! Shkil yor yoal a fyel ætu kik mwntor ætu, kik shkil yen hwowud ywkhol hykha fi. Shkil wahwe two er uciqeil two hit qi hoak wei.
    (Then they said: "Lo! We shall make a city and a tower, and its head will be in the sky. We will be known or we will be scattered through the face of the world.")
  5. And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of man had built.
    Har kul Tywis ti kik har tyot kho a fyel kik mwntor ti, som hærta yor mang khyelli yu khing ti.
    (God came and saw he the city and tower, which the children of people had made.)
  6. And the Lord said, "Behold, they are one people, and they have all one language, and this is only the beginning of what they will do. And nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them.
    Har au Tywis ti: "Sæ'ei tyot! Om an ngyo a yol ssyof ætu, kik om cye'ci farra an frwo ti. Shkil cye'ci ikh yen ikhmang ætu som shkil yor ngyo teshta kyngo.
    (God said: "See! They are one race, and now is only the start. Now will nothing that they will do not be possible to them.)
  7. Come, let us go down and there confuse their language, so that they may not understand one another's speech."
    Sæ'ei! Shkil feat kul yol kik shkil rnwe'khe yol a myerrnalli weingo khwfi, sso shkil ikh ahwe ngyo a ngyo.
    (Lo! I will go down and I will there confuse their language, so they will not understand themselves.")
  8. So the Lord dispersed them from there over the face of all the earth, and they left off building the city.
    Har ciqeal Tywis ti ngyo khwfi li hit qi hoak wei, kik har ikh yor ngyo a fyel ti.
    (God scattered them from there through the face of the earth, and they did not build the city.)
  9. Therefore its name was called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth. And from there the Lord dispersed them over the face of all the earth.
    Sso har ushean is Fæfol, lykhol har rnwe'khe Tywis ti myerrnalli ti æssen hoak wei, kik har ciqeal Tywis ti ngyo a hit qi hoak wei khwfi li.
    (So was it called Babel, because God confused the languages of the world, and God scattered the people through the face of the earth.)